Systems and methods for a transcranial electrical stimulation device

ABSTRACT

A transcranial electrical stimulation device includes a base, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The base includes a center portion, a first end portion, a second end portion, and a first surface. The first end portion and the second end portion are angled relative to the center portion. The first electrode includes a first conductive cup and a first post. The second electrode includes a second conductive cup and a second post.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/259,506, filed Jan. 1, 2021, which is a national stage application ofInternational Application No. PCT/US2020/0321775, filed May 8, 2020,which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/845,834, filed May 9, 2019, the entire contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to the field of transcranialelectrical stimulation, and more specifically to systems and methods oftranscranial electrical stimulation devices.

BACKGROUND

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a type of non-invasiveneurostimulation, can deliver a low level of current to the brainthrough electrodes placed on a head. The level of current delivered bytDCS can facilitate the hyperpolarization or depolarization of neuronsin the brain. A tDCS device can be a portable device that implementstranscranial direct current stimulation to a head of a user. However,tDCS devices can suffer from issues relating to bulky components andlack of adaptability with various head sizes of different users.

SUMMARY

The systems and methods of the present disclosure relate to a compactand lightweight transcranial electrical stimulation device which canadapt to head sizes of different users. According to an aspect of thepresent disclosure, the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceincludes a base. The base includes a center portion, a first endportion, a second end portion, and a first surface extending along thefirst end portion, the center portion, and the second end portion. Thefirst end portion is connected to the center portion. The first endportion is angled relative to the center portion. The second end portionis opposite the first end portion and connected to the center portion.The second end portion is angled relative to the center portion. Thefirst surface extends along the first end portion, the center portion,and the second end portion. The transcranial electrical stimulationdevice includes a first electrode attached to the first end portion andon the first surface. The first electrode includes a first conductivecup. The first electrode includes a first post attached to the firstconductive cup and the first end portion. The first post includes aflexible material to allow the first conductive cup to bend about thefirst post. The transcranial electrical stimulation device includes asecond electrode attached to the second end portion and on the firstsurface. The second electrode includes a second conductive cup. Thesecond electrode includes a second post attached to the first conductivecup and the second end portion. The second post includes a flexiblematerial to allow the second conductive cup to bend about the secondpost.

In some embodiments, the first post spaces the first conductive cup fromthe first surface by a clearance distance, the clearance distancegreater than or equal to 0.25 centimeters and less than or equal to 2centimeters.

In some embodiments, the first post spaces the first conductive cup fromthe first surface by a clearance distance, a ratio of the clearancedistance to a thickness of the base is greater than or equal to 0.2 to 1and less than or equal to 1.2 to 1.

In some embodiments, a first diameter of the first conductive cup isgreater than a first width of the first end portion. A second diameterof the second conductive cup can be greater than a second width of thesecond end portion.

In some embodiments, the first conductive cup and the second conductivecup contour to a head of a user.

In some embodiments, the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceincludes a strap extending from the first end portion to the second endportion. The strap can be configured to secure the first electrode andthe second electrode to a head of a user. The strap can be adjustable.

In some embodiments, the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceincludes a pin coupled with the first post, and a pin receiver coupledwith the first end portion, the pin receiver configured to receive thepin to secure a conductive portion of the first conductive cup to anon-conductive portion of the first conductive cup, the conductiveportion coupled with the first post.

In some embodiments, the pin receives current from a power supply andprovides the current to the conductive portion of the first conductivecup.

In some embodiments, the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceincludes a charging port disposed on the first surface of the base andon the center portion of the base.

In some embodiments, the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceincludes a second surface of the base extending along the first endportion, the center portion, and the second end portion. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device can include a power buttondisposed on the second surface and on the center portion of the base.

In some embodiments, the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceincludes a second surface of the base extending along the first endportion, the center portion, and the second end portion. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device can include a light emittingdiode (“LED”) disposed on the second surface and on the center portionof the base.

In some embodiments, the first electrode is removably attached to thefirst end portion. The second electrode can be removably attached to thesecond end portion.

In some embodiments, the first conductive cup comprises a first raisededge and the second conductive cup comprises a second raised edge.

In some embodiments, a method for engaging in transcranial electricalstimulation includes securing a transcranial electrical stimulationdevice to a head of a user. The method can include initiating, by acontrol circuit, a stimulation session wherein the control circuitcouples a power supply to a first electrode and a second electrode toenter a powered state. The method can include increasing, by the controlcircuit, a current to a first current level over a first period of time,wherein the current flows through the head of the user from a firstelectrode of the transcranial electrical stimulation device to a secondelectrode of the transcranial electrical stimulation device. The methodcan include maintaining, by the control circuit, the current at thefirst current level over a second period of time. The method can includedecreasing, by the control circuit, responsive to a terminationcondition, the current to second current level over a third period oftime. The method can include terminating, by the control circuit, thestimulation session wherein the control circuit decouples the powersupply to the first electrode and the second electrode to exit thepowered state.

In some embodiments, the transcranial electrical stimulation devicecomprises a LED. The method can include confirming, by the LED throughvisual cues, that the transcranial electrical stimulation device isproperly secured to the head of the user. Initiating the stimulationsession can occur responsive to a confirmation that the transcranialelectrical stimulation device is properly secured.

In some embodiments, the transcranial electrical stimulation devicecomprises a LED. The method can include confirming, by the LED throughvisual cues, that the transcranial electrical stimulation device isimproperly secured to the head of the user. The method can includeterminating the stimulation session. Terminating the stimulation sessioncan include stopping a flow of current through the head of the user fromthe first electrode of the transcranial electrical stimulation device tothe second electrode of the transcranial electrical stimulation device.Terminating the stimulation session can include exiting the poweredstate.

In some embodiments, the transcranial electrical stimulation devicecomprises a power button. The method includes initiating, by activatinga power button, the stimulation session wherein the control circuitcouples the power supply to the first electrode and the second electrodeto enter the powered state. The method includes terminating, byactivating a power button, the stimulation session wherein the controlcircuit decouples the power supply to the first electrode and the secondelectrode to exit the powered state.

In some embodiments, the termination condition is a predetermined lengthof time. The termination condition can be an interrupted stimulationsession. The termination condition can be a resistance exceeding athreshold.

In some embodiments, the method can include signaling, by an audiocomponent, an operational state of the transcranial electricalstimulation device. The method can include signaling, by a LED, anoperational state of the transcranial electrical stimulation device.

In some embodiments, securing the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice to the head of the user includes adjusting a first position ofthe first electrode of the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceand a second position of the second electrode of the transcranialelectrical stimulation device.

In some embodiments, a method for engaging in transcranial electricalstimulation comprising securing a transcranial electrical stimulationdevice to a head of a user in a first orientation such that a firstelectrode is electrically coupled and positioned proximate to a firstsurface region of the head and a second electrode is electricallycoupled and positioned proximate to a second surface region of the head.The method includes initiating, via a control circuit, a stimulationsession. The control circuit couples a power supply to the firstelectrode and the second electrode to enter a first powered state,increases a current to a first current level over a first period oftime, wherein the current flows from the first electrode through thehead of the user in a first direction to the second electrode, maintainsthe current at the first current level over a second period of time,decreases, responsive to a termination condition, the current to asecond current level over a third period of time, and terminates thestimulation session wherein the control circuit decouples the powersupply to the first electrode and the second electrode to exit thepowered state. The method also includes removing the transcranialelectrical stimulation device from the head of the user. The methodfurther includes securing the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceto the head of the user in a second orientation such that the firstelectrode is electrically coupled and positioned proximate to the secondsurface region of the head and the second electrode is electricallycoupled and positioned proximate to the first surface region of the headand initiating, via the control circuit, a second stimulation session.The control circuit couples the power supply to the first electrode andthe second electrode to enter a second powered state, increases thecurrent to the first current level over a third period of time, whereinthe current flows from the first electrode through the head of the userin a second direction to the second electrode, maintains the current atthe first current level over a fourth period of time, and decreases,responsive to a termination condition, the current to the second currentlevel over a fifth period of time, and terminates the stimulationsession, wherein the control circuit decouples the power supply to thefirst electrode and the second electrode to exit the powered state. Themethod further includes removing the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice from the head of the user.

Some or all of the systems, components, and subcomponents of the presentdisclosure can be single-use or disposable. Also some or all of thesystems, components, and subcomponents of the present disclosure can bemade of a unitary construction (formed from a single piece of metal,plastic, or other material) or unitary modular construction (pluralityof components and/or subcomponents permanently connected by standardmeans, such as welding or soldering), or of modular construction(plurality of components and/or subcomponents removably connected bystandard means, such as threading or snap-fitting).

These and other features of various embodiments can be understood from areview of the following detailed description in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are explanatory and are notrestrictive of the present disclosure, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a transcranialelectrical stimulation device.

FIG. 2A illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of atranscranial electrical stimulation device.

FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2C is a front view of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2D is a rear view of the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceshown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2E is a left side view of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2F is a right side view of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2G is a bottom view of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2H is a top view of the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceshown in FIG. 2A in a first orientation.

FIG. 2I is a top view of the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceshown in FIG. 2A in a second orientation.

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a transcranialelectrical stimulation device.

FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a transcranialelectrical stimulation device.

FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a transcranialelectrical stimulation device without electrodes.

FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of an electrodeof a transcranial electrical stimulation device.

FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a transcranialelectrical stimulation device interior.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of a transcranialelectrical stimulation device.

FIG. 9 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a sponge.

FIG. 10 illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of a transcranialelectrical stimulation device.

FIG. 11 illustrates a flow diagram of an example method for engaging intranscranial electrical stimulation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description and the appended drawings describeand illustrate various transcranial electrical stimulation devicesystems and methods. The description and drawings are provided to enableone of skill in the art to make and use one or more transcranialelectrical stimulation device systems and/or practice one or moremethods. They are not intended to limit the scope of the claims in anymanner.

The present solution provides devices, systems, and methods for improvedtranscranial electrical stimulation by using a compact and lightweightdevice that can allow a greater variety of users to more comfortablyoperate and wear the device for longer periods of time. In existingsolutions, transcranial electrical stimulation devices may be bulky,non-portable, and difficult to operate, resulting in the overall lack ofuse and adoption of transcranial direct current stimulation as atechnique to stimulate neuronal activity. The present solution can use amore ergonomic form factor having a size and weight low enough to besecured to the head of the user with a more comfortable securing device,such as a strap, and can use electrodes and components that couple theelectrodes with a base of the device that have sufficient flexibility toconform to a variety of head shapes and sufficient resilience tomaintain proper contact with users' heads during the course ofstimulation. The present solution can enable the device to be operatedin a first orientation (as shown in FIG. 2H) in which a firststimulation is performed, such as a first stimulation in which currentflows from a first electrode into the head of the user, and into asecond electrode, and a second orientation (as shown in FIG. 2I) (e.g.,by flipping the device upside down or rotating the device 180 degreesabout the axis extending through the end portions and the centerportion) in which a second stimulation is performed in which the currentcan flow in an opposite direction through the head, enabling a greatervariety of stimulation to be provided using the same device. In someembodiments, a transcranial electrical stimulation device includes abase. The base includes a center portion, a first end portion, a secondend portion, and a first surface extending along the first end portion,the center portion, and the second end portion. The first end portion isconnected to the center portion. The first end portion is angledrelative to the center portion. The second end portion is opposite thefirst end portion and connected to the center portion. The second endportion is angled relative to the center portion. The first surfaceextends along the first end portion, the center portion, and the secondend portion. The transcranial electrical stimulation device includes afirst electrode attached to the first end portion and on the firstsurface. The first electrode includes a first conductive cup. The firstelectrode includes a first post attached to the first conductive cup andthe first end portion. The first post includes a flexible material toallow the first conductive cup to bend about the first post. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device includes a second electrodeattached to the second end portion and on the first surface. The secondelectrode includes a second conductive cup. The second electrodeincludes a second post attached to the first conductive cup and thesecond end portion. The second post includes a flexible material toallow the second conductive cup to bend about the second post. The firstelectrode can be an anode and the second electrode can be a cathode.Electrical current can flow from the anode to the cathode.

A method for engaging in transcranial electrical stimulation can includesecuring a transcranial electrical stimulation device to a head of auser. The method can include initiating, by a control circuit, astimulation session wherein the control circuit couples a power supplyto a first electrode and a second electrode to enter a powered state.The method can include increasing, by the control circuit, a current toa first current level over a first period of time, wherein the currentflows through the head of the user from a first electrode (i.e., anode)of the transcranial electrical stimulation device to a second electrode(i.e., cathode) of the transcranial electrical stimulation device. Themethod can include maintaining, by the control circuit, the current atthe first current level over a second period of time. The method caninclude decreasing, by the control circuit, responsive to a terminationcondition, the current to second current level over a third period oftime. The method can include terminating, by the control circuit, thestimulation session wherein the control circuit decouples the powersupply to the first electrode and the second electrode to exit thepowered state.

Referring to FIG. 1, a perspective view of an embodiment of atranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 is shown. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 can be a lightweight(e.g., less than 100 grams, less than 75 grams, or less than 50 grams)device adaptable to users with various head sizes. The transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100 can include an external power supplyand be portable. The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 canhave an operating temperature of 0° C. to 50° C. The transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100 can be used for transcranial directcurrent stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation(tACS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), transcranial randomnoise stimulation (tRNS), or cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES),among others. The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 cantarget the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the rostrolateralprefrontal cortex (RLPFC), the motor cortex or other regions of a user.DLPFC exists both on the right and the left side of the brain and is asubsection of the prefrontal cortex. DLPFC has been ascribed control orinvolvement in a variety of higher order cognitive functions such ascognition, attention, working memory, and decision-making as well asimplicated in emotional, social, motivational and perceptual processes.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a base102. The base 102 can be composed of plastic (e.g., polyethyleneterephthalate, high-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride,low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, Styrofoam,polycarbonate, polyactide, acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene, styrene,fiberglass, or nylon). The base 102 can include a center portion 104, afirst end portion 106, and a second end portion 108. The base 102 caninclude a first surface 109 extending along the first end portion 106,the center portion 104, and the second end portion 108. The base 102 caninclude attachment points for the electrodes (described herein) andlocations for various components (e.g., power button, light emittingdiode, connection port described herein). The base 102 can be composedof an electrical insulator. The base 102 is or can include a housing tohold various components (e.g., internal circuitry, sensors, wires). Thebase 102 can have an exterior component that defines an interior of thebase 102.

In some embodiments, the exposed surfaces of the center portion 104, thefirst end portion 106, and the second end portion 108 are free of anyextensions or protrusions that restrict the device 100 from being wornby a user in a first orientation and a second orientation.

The center portion 104 can be connected to the first end portion 106 andthe second end portion 108. The center portion 104 can include locationsfor various components (e.g., power button, light emitting diode,connection port described herein). The center portion 104 can becomposed of plastic (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate, high-densitypolyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, low-density polyethylene,polypropylene, polystyrene, Styrofoam, polycarbonate, polyactide,acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene, styrene, fiberglass, or nylon). Thecenter portion 104 can define a third plane 134. The center portion 104can be continuously connected to the first end portion 106. The centerportion 104 can be continuously connected to the second end portion 108.The center portion 104 can surfaces center portion 104. For example, thecenter portion 104 can define a first surface 109. The center portion104 can define a second surface 418 described herein. The first surface109 can be substantially perpendicular to the second surface 418.

The first end portion 106 can be connected to the center portion 104.The first end portion 106 can be angled relative to the center portion104. For example, a first plane 130 defined by the first end portion 106can intersect the third plane 134 defined by the center portion 104 at afirst angle 138. The first angle 138 can be greater than 90° (e.g.,greater than 100°, greater than 135°, or greater than 160°). A firstelectrode 110 can be attached to the first end portion 106 and on thefirst surface 109. The first end portion 106 can be curved relative tothe center portion 104. The curve can be parabolic.

The first electrode 110 can include a first conductive cup 112 and afirst post 114. The first electrode 110 can be composed of a conductor(e.g., conductive silicone, conductive rubber). The first electrode 110can be electrically connected to the second electrode 120 through thebase 102. For example, the base 102 can include circuitry in theinterior of the base 102 connecting the first electrode 110 to thesecond electrode 120.

The first conductive cup 112 can have a concave shape. The firstconductive cup 112 can be composed of a conductor (e.g., conductivesilicone, conductive rubber). The first conductive cup 112 can becomposed of a conductive silicone compound elastomer. The firstconductive cup 112 can be composed of conductive silicon with carbon.The first conductive cup 112 can be composed of a flexible material tobend and conform to the head of the user. The first conductive cup 112can have a conductive area of 22.3 cm². The first conductive cup 112 canbe connected to the first post 114. The first conductive cup 112 can beelectrically connected to the first post 114. The first conductive cup112 can include a non-conductive outer material (e.g., rubber,silicone).

The first post 114 can be attached to the first conductive cup 112 andthe first end portion 106. The first post 114 can be composed of aflexible material to allow the first conductive cup 112 to bend aboutthe first post 114. The first post 114 can have a rectangular prismshape. The first post 114 can have a cylindrical shape. The first post114 can connect to the first conductive cup 112 through a lockingmechanism (e.g., bar lock, pin lock, clip). The first post 114 can bemolded into the first conductive cup 112. The first post 114 can becomposed of a stiff material attached to a ball bearing. The first post114 can pivot about the ball bearing.

The first post 114 can provide clearance for the first electrode 110 andthe first surface 109. The first post 114 can space the first conductivecup 112 from the first surface 109 by a clearance distance 150. Theclearance distance 150 can be greater than or equal to 0.25 centimetersand less than or equal to 2 centimeters. For example, the clearancedistance 150 can be 0.5 centimeters. A ratio of the clearance distanceto a thickness of the base is greater than or equal to 0.2 to 1 and lessthan or equal to 1.2 to 1. For example, the ratio of the clearancedistance 150 to the thickness of the base can be 0.5 to 1. The thicknessof the base member can be a base thickness 152.

The second end portion 108 can be connected to the center portion 104.The second end portion 108 can be angled relative to the center portion104. For example, a second plane 132 defined by the second end portion108 can intersect a third plane 134 defined by the center portion 104 ata second angle 140. The second angle 140 can be greater than 90° (e.g.,100°, 120°, 135°, 150°, 160°). A second electrode 120 can be attached tothe second end portion 108 and on the first surface 109. The second endportion 108 can be curved relative to the center portion 104. The curvecan be parabolic.

The second electrode 120 can include a second conductive cup 122 and asecond post 124. The second electrode 120 can be composed of a conductor(e.g., conductive silicone, conductive rubber). The second electrode 120can be electrically connected to the second electrode 120 through thebase 102. For example, the base 120 can include circuitry in theinterior of the base 102 connecting the second electrode 120 to thefirst electrode 110.

The second conductive cup 122 can have a concave shape. The secondconductive cup 122 can be composed of a conductor (e.g., conductivesilicone). The second conductive cup 122 can be composed of a conductivesilicone compound elastomer. The second conductive cup 122 can becomposed of conductive silicon with carbon. The second conductive cup122 can be composed of a flexible material to bend and conform to thehead of the user. The second conductive cup 122 can have a conductivearea of 22.3 cm². The second conductive cup 122 can be connected to thesecond post 124. The second conductive cup 122 can be electricallyconnected to the second post 124. The second conductive cup 122 caninclude a non-conductive outer material (e.g., rubber, silicone).

The second post 124 can be attached to the second conductive cup 122 andthe second end portion 108. The second post 124 can be composed of aflexible material to allow the second conductive cup 122 to bend aboutthe second post 124. The second post 124 can have a rectangular prismshape. The second post 124 can have a cylindrical shape. The second post124 can connect to the second conductive cup 122 through a lockingmechanism (e.g., bar lock, pin lock, clip). The second post 124 can bemolded into the second conductive cup 122. The second post 124 can becomposed of a stiff material attached to a ball bearing. The second post124 can pivot about the ball bearing. The second post 124 can provideclearance for the first electrode 110 and the first surface 109.

The second post 124 can provide clearance for the second electrode 112and the first surface 109. The second post 124 can space the secondconductive cup 122 from the first surface 109 by a clearance distance150. The clearance distance 150 can be greater than or equal to 0.25centimeters and less than or equal to 2 centimeters. For example, theclearance distance 150 can be 0.5 centimeters. A ratio of the clearancedistance to a thickness of the base is greater than or equal to 0.2 to 1and less than or equal to 1.2 to 1. For example, the ratio of theclearance distance 150 to the thickness of the base can be 0.5 to 1. Thethickness of the base can be a base thickness 152.

As shown in FIG. 1, the first post and the corresponding first electrodeand the second post and the corresponding second electrode extendoutwardly from the first surface 109. The device is free of anycomponents or extensions that extend outwardly from the first surface109 or the center portion 104 of the device that would restrict a wearerof the device from wearing the device 100 in either a first orientationor a second orientation opposite the first orientation.

Referring to FIG. 2A-2I, FIG. 2A shows a perspective view of anembodiment of a transcranial electrical stimulation device 100. A firstdiameter 202 defined by the first conductive cup 112 can be greater thana first width 204 defined by the first end portion 106. The firstdiameter 202 can be between 4 cm and 7 cm, for example, 5.3 cm. Thefirst width 204 can be between 2 and 4 cm, for example, 3 cm. A seconddiameter 212 defined by the second conductive cup 122 can be greaterthan a second width 214 defined by the second end portion 108. Thesecond diameter 212 can be between 4 cm and 7 cm, for example, 5.3 cm.The second width 214 can be between 2 and 4 cm, for example, 3 cm. Insome embodiments, the first diameter 202 defined by the first conductivecup 112 can be less than or equal to the first width 204 defined by thefirst end portion 106. The second diameter 212 defined by the secondconductive cup 122 can be less than or equal to the second width 214defined by the second end portion 108. A third width 216 defined by thecenter portion 104 can be between 3 cm and 5 cm, for example, 4 cm. Thefirst diameter 202 and the second diameter 212 can be greater than thethird width 216.

The first conductive cup 112 can define a first center 220 of the firstconductive cup 112 (additionally depicted in FIG. 3). The secondconductive cup 122 can define a second center 222 (additionally depictedin FIG. 3). The base 102 can include a first point 230 on the first endportion 106 and a second point 232 on the second end portion 108. Thedistance between the first point 230 on the first end portion 106 andthe second point 232 on the second end portion 108 can define a baselength 234. The base length 234 can be between 10 cm and 15 cm, forexample, 13.6 cm. The distance between the first center 220 of the firstconductive cup 112 and the second center 222 of the second conductivecup 122 can define an electrode spacing 224. The electrode spacing 224can be between 5 cm and 10 cm, for example, 7 cm. The base length 234can be greater than or equal to the electrode spacing 224.

Referring to FIG. 3, a perspective view of an embodiment of atranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 is shown. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a strap 302.The strap 302 can be attached to the base 102 at the first end portion106 and at the second end portion 108. The strap 302 can be composed ofelastic materials (e.g., rubber, elastic fibers, spandex, elastane,polyester, cotton). The strap 302 can include hook-and-loop fasteners toattach the strap 302 to the first end portion 106 and to the second endportion 108. The strap 302 can extend from the first end portion 106 tothe second end portion 108. The strap 302 can be configured to securethe first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120 to a head of auser. The strap 302 can be adjustable. The strap can be adjusted on thehead of the user to allow the first electrode 110 and the secondelectrode 120 to contact the head of the user. The first conductive cup112 and the second conductive cup 122 can contour to the head of theuser. Contouring to the head of the user can include the surfaces of thefirst conductive cup 112 and the surfaces of the second conductive cup122 lying flush against the head of the user. The first center 220 ofthe first conductive cup 112 and the second center 222 of the secondconductive cup 122 is shown. The first conductive cup 112 can define afirst center 220 of the first conductive cup 112. The second conductivecup 122 can define a second center 222.

In some embodiments, the strap 302 can include a retaining device. Theretaining device can wrap partially or entirely around the head of auser. The retaining device can be composed of plastic. The strap 302 caninclude a headband. The strap 302 can be composed of synthetic fibers(e.g., nylon, spun polyester, textured polyester, polypropylene, amongothers). The strap 302 can be composed of natural materials (e.g. hemp,leather, cotton, jute, among others). The strap 302 can include aretaining device that fits most or all head sizes.

Referring to FIG. 4, a perspective view of an embodiment of atranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 is shown. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a chargingport 408 disposed on the first surface 109 of the base 102. The chargingport 408 can be disposed on the center portion 104 of the base 102. Thecharging port 408 can be a universal serial bus (USB) port (e.g., USB-B,USB-A, micro USB, mini USB, USB Type C, among others). A cover 540(described herein) can be removably attached to the charging port 408 toprovide protection to the charging port 408 when the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100 is not charging. A fourth width 432defined by the center portion 104 can be between 1 cm and 2 cm, forexample, 1.1 cm.

The charging port 408 of the transcranial electrical stimulation device100 can be configured to also be a communication port through which datafrom the device 100 can be communicated with one or more other computingdevices, such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet, or othercomputing device. In some embodiments, the transcranial electricalstimulation device 100 can include a separate communication port throughwhich data from the device 100 can be communicated with one or moreother computing devices. In some embodiments, the communication port canbe a wireless communication port, such as a port that can communicatewith other computing devices via BLUETOOTH, Wi-Fi, cellular, or anyother wireless connection.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can be configured toinclude a processor and memory for storing data. The data can includeuser profile information of a user of the device 100, for instance, datacorresponding to certain settings according to which to conduct thestimulation session. The data can also include any informationcorresponding to when a session was initiated, terminated, orinterrupted, among others. The information can be stored in the memoryof the device 100. The information can then be transmitted to one ormore computing devices via the communication port of the device 100.

In some embodiments, the device can be configured to allow a user toselect a particular stimulation session type from a plurality ofdifferent stimulation session types. The different stimulation sessiontypes can be preset and pre-stored in the memory of the device. Thedifferent session types can include different stimulation parameters,including different lengths of time of the session, different amplitudesof the current including one or more current amplitude patterns over theduration of the session, among others. The current amplitude patternscan include a ramp up pattern, a ramp down pattern and any otherpatterns during the course of the stimulation session. The device caninclude a button or other input selection component that allows the userto select from a particular stimulation session type from the pluralityof different stimulation session types. In some embodiments, theamplitude of the current can be 0.1 mA, 0.5 mA, 1 mA, 1.1 mA, 1.2 mA,1.3 mA, 1.4 mA, 1.5 mA, 1.6 mA, 1.7 mA, 1.8 mA, 1.9 mA, 2 mA, 2.1 mA,2.2 mA, 2.3 mA, 2.4 mA, 2.5 mA, 2.6 mA, 2.7 mA, 2.8 mA, 2.9 mA, 3 mA,3.1 mA, 3.2 mA, 3.3 mA, 3.4 mA, 3.5 mA, 3.6 mA, 3.7 mA, 3.8 mA, 3.9 mA,4 mA, or 5 mA. In some embodiments, the length of the session can varybetween 5 minutes to 60 minutes. In particular, the length of thesession can be 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10minutes, 11 minutes, 12 minutes, 13 minutes, 14 minutes, 15 minutes, 16minutes, 17 minutes, 18 minutes, 19 minutes, 20 minutes, 21 minutes, 22minutes, 23 minutes, 24 minutes, 25 minutes, 26 minutes, 27 minutes, 28minutes, 29 minutes, 30 minutes, 31 minutes, 32 minutes, 33 minutes, 34minutes, 35 minutes, 36 minutes, 37 minutes, 38 minutes, 39 minutes, 40minutes, 41 minutes, 42 minutes, 43 minutes, 44 minutes, 45 minutes, 46minutes, 47 minutes, 48 minutes, 49 minutes, 50 minutes, 51 minutes, 52minutes, 53 minutes, 54 minutes, 55 minutes, 56 minutes, 57 minutes, 58minutes, 59 minutes, or 60 minutes.

As described herein, the device is configured to be operated in twoorientations. In some embodiments, the plurality of differentstimulation session types a user can select from can vary based on theorientation in which the device is worn by the user. For instance, ifthe device is worn in the first orientation (as shown in FIG. 2H),stimulation session types 1, 2 and 3 may be available for selection. Ifthe device is worn in the second orientation (as shown in FIG. 2I),stimulation session types 1, 4 and 5 may be available for selection. Thedevice can include one or more sensors that allow the processor todetermine the orientation in which the device is worn and therefore, canbe able to determine which stimulation session type to provide to theelectrodes based on the orientation in which the device is worn.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a secondsurface 418. The second surface 418 can extend along the first endportion 106, the center portion 102 and the second end portion 108. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a powerbutton 402. The power button 402 can be disposed on the second surface418. The power button 402 can be disposed on the center portion 102 ofthe base 102. In some embodiments, the button can be positioned anywhereon the device including the first end portion 106 or the second endportion 108.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a lightemitting diode (“LED”) 404. The LED 404 can be disposed on the secondsurface 418. The LED 404 can be disposed on the center portion 102 ofthe base 102. The electrical connections of the LED 404 can be housed inthe interior of the base 102. The LED 404 can emit light of variouscolors, such as red, green and blue. The LED 404 can emit light toindicate a status of the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100.The LED 404 can indicate battery supply or battery capacity of thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a firststrap engagement 420. The first strap engagement 420 can be disposed onthe first end portion 106. The first strap engagement 420 can provide ageometry to removably attach the strap 302 to the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100. The first strap engagement 420 candefine a deadeye geometry for the strap 302 to attach to the first strapengagement 420. The first strap engagement 420 can be a handle for thestrap 302 to attach to the first strap engagement 420. The first strapengagement 420 can contact a hook-and-loop fastener of the strap 302.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a secondstrap engagement 422. The second strap engagement 422 can be disposed onthe second end portion 108. The second strap engagement 422 can providea geometry to removably attach the strap 302 to the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100. The second strap engagement 422 candefine a deadeye geometry for the strap 302 to attach to the first strapengagement 420. The second strap engagement 422 can be a handle for thestrap 302 to attach to the second strap engagement 422. The second strapengagement 422 can contact a hook-and-loop fastener of the strap 302.

The first conductive cup 112 of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice 100 can include a first raised edge 410. The first raised edge410 can provide a shallow wall for the concave shape of the firstconductive cup 112. The second conductive cup 122 of the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100 can include a second raised edge 412.The second raised edge 412 can provide a shallow wall for the concaveshape of the second conductive cup 122. The first conductive cup 112 canhold a sponge 900 to directly contact the head of a user. The firstconductive cup 112 can securely hold the sponge 900 to the head of theuser. The second conductive cup 122 can hold a sponge 900 to directlycontact the head of the user. The second conductive cup 122 can securelyhold the sponge 900 to the head of the user.

Referring to FIG. 5, a perspective view of an embodiment of atranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 without electrodes isshown. The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 is shownwithout the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 120. The base102 can include a first post socket 502, a second post socket 512 andone or more holes 506.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include the firstpost socket 502. The first post 114 can insert into the first postsocket 502. The first post socket 502 can receive the first post 114.The first post socket 502 can include an attachment mechanism or lockingmechanism (e.g., bar lock, pin lock 614 as described with reference toFIG. 6, clip). The first electrode 110 can be removably attached to thefirst end portion 106. The first post 114 of the first electrode 110 canbe removably attached to the first post socket 502 of the first endportion 106.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include thesecond post socket 512. The second post 124 can insert into the secondpost socket 512. The second post socket 512 can receive the second post124. The second post socket 512 can include an attachment mechanism orlocking mechanism (e.g., bar lock, pin lock, clip). The second electrode120 can be removably attached to the second end portion 108. The secondpost 124 of the second electrode 120 can be removably attached to thesecond post socket 512 of the second end portion 108.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include one ormore holes 506. The one or more holes 506 can be disposed on the centerportion 104, first end portion 106, or the second end portion 108. Theone or more holes 506 can be disposed on the first surface 109. The oneor more holes 506 can be threaded holes to allow a locking mechanism(e.g., screw) to hold a first exterior piece 530 to the second exteriorpiece 532. The first surface 109 can define the first exterior piece530. The second surface 418 can define the second exterior piece 532.

The charging port 408 of the transcranial electrical stimulation device100 can include a cover 540. The cover 540 can protect the charging port408 from damage. The cover 540 can be attached to the base 102 of thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100. The cover 540 can lay ontop of the charging port 408. The cover 540 can be removably attached tothe base 102.

Referring to FIG. 6, a perspective view of an embodiment of an electrode600 of a transcranial electrical stimulation device 100. The electrode600 can include the first electrode 110 or the second electrode 120. Theelectrode 600 can include a conductive cup 612. The conductive cup caninclude the first conductive cup 112 or the second conductive cup 122.The electrode 600 can include a pin lock 614 to secure the post 616 to aback-side cover 830. The post 616 can be a conductive portion. Theback-side cover 830 can be a non-conductive portion. The pin lock 614can be composed of a conductive material. The electrode 600 can includea non-conductive cup 618. The non-conductive cup can include a firstnon-conductive cup 812 or a second non-conductive cup 822. Current canbe provided via the pin lock 614 to the post 616. Current can beprovided via the post 616 to the conductive cup 612. The pin lock 614can secure the first conductive cup 112 to the base 102. The pin lock614 can secure the second conductive cup 122 to the base 102.

Referring to FIG. 7, a perspective view of an embodiment of atranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 interior is shown. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 is shown without thefirst exterior piece 530. The second exterior piece 532 of the base 102is shown. The second exterior piece 532 includes one or more receivingholes 702. The one or more receiving holes 702 can receive a lockingmechanism (e.g., screw) to secure the first exterior piece 530 to thesecond exterior piece 532. The one or more holes 702 can be threadedholes. The one or more holes 702 can be disposed on the surface of thesecond exterior piece 532. The one or more holes 702 can be disposed onthe interior surface of the base 102.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a printedcircuit board (PCB) 710. The PCB 710 can include wired connections tothe charging port 408, the LED 404 and the power button 402. The PCB 710can include wired connections to the first electrode 110 and to thesecond electrode 112. The PCB 710 can include wired connections to thepin lock 614. The PCB 710 can include a control circuit 802 described indetail herein. The PCB 710 can include wired connections to an audiocomponent 712 and a battery 714.

The audio component 712 can include a component of the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100 that makes sounds to signal anoperation state of the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100.The audio component can include a piezoelectric buzzer. The audiocomponent 712 can be controlled by a control circuit to signal differentoperational states or modes of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice 100. For example, an operational state or mode can include aproperly secured transcranial electrical stimulation device 100. Anoperation state or mode can include an increasing current of thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100. An operation state ormode can include a decreasing current. An operation state or mode caninclude a transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 that has beenremoved from the head of the user by accident. An operation state ormode can include the termination of the stimulation session. Anoperation state or mode can include ending the stimulation sessionearly.

The battery 714 can power the transcranial electrical stimulation device100 during the stimulation sessions. For example, the battery 714 can becharged by connecting a charging cable to the charging port 408. Thebattery 714 can take four hours to fully charge. The battery can providefor more than 30 stimulation sessions when fully charged. The battery714 can be incapable of being changed when the transcranial electricalstimulation device 100 is in a powered state. The battery 714 caninclude an external power supply. The battery 714 can include alithium-ion battery. The battery can operate at 3.7V and 250 mAh.

The transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 can include a sensorto detect orientation of the transcranial electrical stimulation device100. For example, the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 caninclude an accelerometer. The transcranial electrical stimulation device100 can include a tilt sensor to measure the tilt of the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100 with reference to gravity. Thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 can change the directionof the flow of current based on the orientation of the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100. The direction of the flow of currentcan be controlled by user input.

Referring to FIG. 8, an exploded view of an embodiment of a transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100. The transcranial electricalstimulation device 100 can include a first non-conductive cup 812 (e.g.,non-conductive portion of first conductive cup 112) and a secondnon-conductive cup 822 (e.g., non-conductive portion of secondconductive cup 122). The first non-conductive cup 812 can be composed ofan insulator (e.g., silicone, rubber). The first conductive cup 112 cannestle into the first non-conductive cup 812. The first conductive cup112 can be joined to the first non-conductive cup 812 by molding, anadhesive (e.g., gluing), or via operation of a pin lock 614. The firstconductive cup 112 can have a diameter of 5.3 cm. The firstnon-conductive cup 812 can have a diameter of 5.3 cm. The secondnon-conductive cup 822 can be composed of an insulator (e.g., silicone,rubber). The second conductive cup 122 can nestle into the secondnon-conductive cup 822. The second conductive cup 122 can be joined tothe second non-conductive cup 822 by molding, an adhesive (e.g.,gluing), or via operation of a pin lock 614. The second conductive cup122 can have a diameter of 5.3 cm. The second non-conductive cup 822 canhave a diameter of 5.3 cm. The transcranial electrical stimulationdevice 100 can include a back-side cover 830. The back-side cover 830can include a pin receiver 832. The pin receiver 832 can receive a pinlock 614. The pin receiver 832 can have a notch to lock the electrode600 to the back-side cover 830.

Referring to FIG. 9, a block diagram representation of one embodiment ofa sponge 900 is shown. A sponge height 902 defined by the sponge 900 canbe greater than a thickness defined by the first raised edge 410. Thesponge height 902 can be greater than a thickness defined by the secondraised edge 412. A sponge width 904 defined by the sponge 900 can beless than the first diameter 202. The sponge width 904 can be less thanthe second diameter 212. The sponge 902 can fit securely into the firstconductive cup 112. The sponge 902 can fit securely into the secondconductive cup 122. The sponge 900 can be pre-soaked in a salinesolution before operation of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice 100. The sponge 900 can include various shapes (e.g., rectangularprism, cube, elliptic cylinder, among others). The sponge 900 can expandwhen soaked in saline solution.

Referring to FIG. 10, a block diagram representation of one embodimentof device components is shown. The transcranial electrical stimulationdevice 100 can include a control circuit 1002, a power supply 1004,electrodes 1006, a LED 404, a power button 1010 and an audio component712. The power supply 1004 can include the battery 714 described in aprevious section of the disclosure. Electrodes 1006 can include thefirst electrode 110 and the second electrode 112. The LED 1008 caninclude the LED 404 described in a previous section of the disclosure.The power button 1010 can include the power button 402 described in aprevious section of the disclosure. The audio component 1012 can includethe audio component 712 described in a previous section of thedisclosure.

Referring to FIG. 11, a flow diagram of an example method 1100 forengaging in transcranial electrical stimulation is shown. The method1100 can include securing a transcranial electrical stimulation deviceto a head of a user (BLOCK 1102). The method 1100 can include confirmingthat the transcranial electrical stimulation device is properly secured(BLOCK 1103). The method 1100 can include initiating, by a controlcircuit 1102, a stimulation session (BLOCK 1104). The method 1100 caninclude increasing, by the control circuit 1102, a current to a firstcurrent level over a first period of time (BLOCK 1106). The method 1100can include maintaining, by the control circuit 1102, the current at thefirst current level over a second period of time (BLOCK 1108). Themethod 1100 can include decreasing, by the control circuit 1102,responsive to a termination condition, the current to second currentlevel over a third period of time (BLOCK 1110). The method 1100 caninclude terminating, by the control circuit 1102, the stimulationsession (BLOCK 1112).

As set forth above, the method 1100 can include securing a transcranialelectrical stimulation device to a head of a user (BLOCK 1102). Securingthe transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 to the head of theuser can include placing the first electrode 110 (or components coupledto the first electrode) and the second electrode 120 (or componentscoupled to the first electrode) flush against the forehead of the user.Also referring to FIG. 3, the strap 302 can wrap around the head of theuser to secure the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 to thehead of the user. Securing the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice 100 to the head of the user can include adjusting the strap 302to fit around users with different head sizes. The first electrode 110can flex about the first post 114 so as to contour to the forehead ofthe user. Securing the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 tothe head of the user can include flexing the first electrode 110 aboutthe first post 114. The second electrode 120 can flex about the secondpost 124 so as to contour to the forehead of the user. Securing thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 to the head of the usercan include flexing the second electrode 120 about the second post 124.Securing the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 to the headof the user can include adjusting a first position of the firstelectrode 110 of the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 anda second position of the second electrode 120 of the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100. The transcranial electricalstimulation device 100 can target various areas of the brain of the user(e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the motor cortex). The firstelectrode can be in contact with a first region of the forehead of theuser and the second electrode can be in contact with a second region ofthe forehead.

The method 1100 can include confirming that the transcranial electricalstimulation device is properly secured (BLOCK 1103). Confirming that thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 is properly secured caninclude confirming that the transcranial electrical stimulation device100 is properly secured to the head of the user. If the transcranialelectrical stimulation device 100 is properly secured to the head of theuser, the control circuit 1102 can initiate a stimulation session. Ifthe transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 is improperly securedto the head of the user, the control circuit 1102 can terminate thestimulation session.

The method 1100 can include initiating, by a control circuit, astimulation session (BLOCK 1104). Initiating, by a control circuit 1102,a stimulation session can include the control circuit 1102 coupling apower supply 1104 to a first electrode and a second electrode to enter apowered state. Initiating, by a control circuit 1102, a stimulationsession can include the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100entering a powered state. Also referring to FIG. 4, a user can press andhold the power button 402 to turn on the transcranial electricalstimulation device 100. The LED 404 can emit a blue light. The LED canflash periodically. The method 1100 can include confirming, by the LEDthrough visual cues, that the transcranial electrical stimulation device100 is properly secured to the head of the user. Initiating thestimulation session 1104 can occur responsive to a confirmation that thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 is properly secured.Initiating a stimulation session can include initiating, by activatingthe power button 402, the stimulation session. The LED can signal anoperational state of the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100.For example, an operational state can include proper placement of thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100, a stimulation session,or a current increase or a current decrease.

The method 1100 can include increasing, by the control circuit, acurrent to a first current level over a first period of time (BLOCK1106). Increasing a current to a first level over a first period of timecan include flowing current through the head of the user from a firstelectrode 110 of the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 to asecond electrode 120 of the transcranial electrical stimulation device100. The first period of time can be between 10 seconds and 50 seconds,such as between 10 seconds and 15 seconds. The first period of time canbe 30 seconds. The current can increase from 0 mA to a first currentlevel (e.g., 1.2 mA).

The method 1100 can include maintaining, by the control circuit, thecurrent at the first current level over a second period of time (BLOCK1108). Maintaining the current at the first current level over a secondperiod of time can include flowing current through the head of the userfrom a first electrode 110 of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice 100 to a second electrode 120 of the transcranial electricalstimulation device 100. The second period of time can be 20 minutes. Thefirst current level can be 1.2 mA. The first current level can beadjustable to achieve a higher current level. The first current levelcan be adjustable to achieve a lower current level. Maintaining thecurrent level at the first current level can include maintaining thecurrent at a constant current.

The method 1100 can include decreasing, by the control circuit,responsive to a termination condition, the current to second currentlevel over a third period of time (BLOCK 1110). Decreasing the currentto second current level over a third period of time can include flowingcurrent through the head of the user from a first electrode 110 of thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 to a second electrode 120of the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100. The third periodof time can be 30 seconds. The second current level can be 0 mA. Thethird period of time can be between 10 seconds and 50 seconds, such asbetween 10 seconds and 15 seconds. The second period of time can be 30seconds. The current can decrease from first current level (e.g., 1.2mA) to a second current level (0 mA). The termination condition can be avariety of conditions. For example, the termination condition can be apredetermined length of time (e.g., 20 minutes). The terminationcondition can be an interrupted stimulation session. For example, a usermay want to end the stimulation session early. The user can activate thepower button to decrease the current to the second current level overthe third period of time. The termination condition can be met if thetranscranial electrical stimulation device 100 is accidentally moved orremoved from the head of the user.

The termination condition can be a resistance exceeding a threshold. Forexample, the termination condition can be that the resistance of thecircuit exceeds a threshold of 15 kΩ. If the resistance of the circuitexceeds 15 kΩ, the control circuit 1002 can initiate a decrease ofcurrent over the third period of time. If the resistance of theresistance of the circuit is infinite, the control circuit 1002 canimmediately stop the flow of current through the head of the user fromthe first electrode 110 of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice 100 to the second electrode 120 of the transcranial electricalstimulation device 100.

The method 1100 can include terminating, by the control circuit, thestimulation session (BLOCK 1112). Terminating, by a control circuit1002, a stimulation session can include the control circuit 1002decoupling a power supply 1004 to the first electrode and the secondelectrode to exit the powered state. Terminating the stimulation sessioncan include the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 exitingthe powered state. Terminating the stimulation session can includestopping the flow of current through the head of the user from a firstelectrode 110 of the transcranial electrical stimulation device 100 to asecond electrode 120 of the transcranial electrical stimulation device100. Terminating a stimulation session can include terminating, byactivating the power button 402, the stimulation session.

In some embodiments, a method for engaging in transcranial electricalstimulation comprising securing a transcranial electrical stimulationdevice to a head of a user in a first orientation (as shown in FIG. 2H)such that a first electrode is electrically coupled and positionedproximate to a first surface region of the head and a second electrodeis electrically coupled and positioned proximate to a second surfaceregion of the head. The method includes initiating, via a controlcircuit, a stimulation session. The control circuit couples a powersupply to the first electrode and the second electrode to enter a firstpowered state, increases a current to a first current level over a firstperiod of time, wherein the current flows from the first electrodethrough the head of the user in a first direction to the secondelectrode (for instance, from the first surface region of the head tothe second surface region of the head), maintains the current at thefirst current level over a second period of time, decreases, responsiveto a termination condition, the current to a second current level over athird period of time, and terminates the stimulation session wherein thecontrol circuit decouples the power supply to the first electrode andthe second electrode to exit the powered state. The method also includesremoving the transcranial electrical stimulation device from the head ofthe user. The method further includes securing the transcranialelectrical stimulation device to the head of the user in a secondorientation (as shown in FIG. 2I) such that the first electrode iselectrically coupled and positioned proximate to the second surfaceregion of the head and the second electrode is electrically coupled andpositioned proximate to the first surface region of the head andinitiating, via the control circuit, a second stimulation session. Thecontrol circuit couples the power supply to the first electrode and thesecond electrode to enter a second powered state; increases the currentto the first current level over a third period of time, wherein thecurrent flows from the first electrode through the head of the user in asecond direction to the second electrode for instance, from the secondsurface region of the head to the first surface region of the head),maintains the current at the first current level over a fourth period oftime, and decreases, responsive to a termination condition, the currentto the second current level over a fifth period of time; and terminatesthe stimulation session, wherein the control circuit decouples the powersupply to the first electrode and the second electrode to exit thepowered state. The method further includes removing the transcranialelectrical stimulation device from the head of the user. The firstsurface region of the head can be the left prefrontal cortex and thesecond surface region of the head can be the right prefrontal cortex orvice versa.

As utilized herein, the terms “approximately,” “about,” “substantially”,and similar terms are intended to have a broad meaning in harmony withthe common and accepted usage by those of ordinary skill in the art towhich the subject matter of this disclosure pertains. It should beunderstood by those of skill in the art who review this disclosure thatthese terms are intended to allow a description of certain featuresdescribed and claimed without restricting the scope of these features tothe precise numerical ranges provided. Accordingly, these terms shouldbe interpreted as indicating that insubstantial or inconsequentialmodifications or alterations of the subject matter described and claimedare considered to be within the scope of the disclosure as recited inthe appended claims.

It should be noted that the term “exemplary” and variations thereof, asused herein to describe various embodiments, are intended to indicatethat such embodiments are possible examples, representations, orillustrations of possible embodiments (and such terms are not intendedto connote that such embodiments are necessarily extraordinary orsuperlative examples).

The term “coupled” and variations thereof, as used herein, means thejoining of two members directly or indirectly to one another. Suchjoining may be stationary (e.g., permanent or fixed) or moveable (e.g.,removable or releasable). Such joining may be achieved with the twomembers coupled directly to each other, with the two members coupled toeach other using a separate intervening member and any additionalintermediate members coupled with one another, or with the two memberscoupled to each other using an intervening member that is integrallyformed as a single unitary body with one of the two members. If“coupled” or variations thereof are modified by an additional term(e.g., directly coupled), the generic definition of “coupled” providedabove is modified by the plain language meaning of the additional term(e.g., “directly coupled” means the joining of two members without anyseparate intervening member), resulting in a narrower definition thanthe generic definition of “coupled” provided above.

The term “or,” as used herein, is used in its inclusive sense (and notin its exclusive sense) so that when used to connect a list of elements,the term “or” means one, some, or all of the elements in the list.Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,”unless specifically stated otherwise, is understood to convey that anelement may be either X, Y, Z; X and Y; X and Z; Y and Z; or X, Y, and Z(i.e., any combination of X, Y, and Z). Thus, such conjunctive languageis not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require atleast one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z to each bepresent, unless otherwise indicated.

References herein to the positions of elements (e.g., “top,” “bottom,”“above,” “below”) are merely used to describe the orientation of variouselements in the FIGURES. It should be noted that the orientation ofvarious elements may differ according to other exemplary embodiments,and that such variations are intended to be encompassed by the presentdisclosure.

1-12. (canceled)
 13. A method for engaging in transcranial electricalstimulation comprising: securing a transcranial electrical stimulationdevice to a head of a user; initiating, by a control circuit, astimulation session wherein the control circuit couples a power supplyto a first electrode and a second electrode to enter a powered state;increasing, by the control circuit, a current to a first current levelover a first period of time, wherein the current flows through the headof the user from the first electrode to the second electrode;maintaining, by the control circuit, the current at the first currentlevel over a second period of time; decreasing, by the control circuit,responsive to a termination condition, the current to second currentlevel over a third period of time; terminating, by the control circuit,the stimulation session wherein the control circuit decouples the powersupply to the first electrode and the second electrode to exit thepowered state.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the transcranialelectrical stimulation device comprises a light emitting diode (“LED”)and the method further comprises: confirming, by the LED through visualcues, that the transcranial electrical stimulation device is properlysecured to the head of the user; and wherein, initiating the stimulationsession occurs responsive to a confirmation that the transcranialelectrical stimulation device is properly secured.
 15. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the transcranial electrical stimulation devicecomprises a LED and the method further comprises: confirming, by the LEDthrough visual cues, that the transcranial electrical stimulation deviceis improperly secured to the head of the user; and terminating thestimulation session, wherein terminating the stimulation sessioncomprises: stopping a flow of current through the head of the user fromthe first electrode of the transcranial electrical stimulation device tothe second electrode of the transcranial electrical stimulation device;exiting the powered state.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein thetranscranial electrical stimulation device comprises a power button andthe method comprises: initiating, by activating a power button, thestimulation session wherein the control circuit couples the power supplyto the first electrode and the second electrode to enter the poweredstate; and terminating, by activating a power button, the stimulationsession wherein the control circuit decouples the power supply to thefirst electrode and the second electrode to exit the powered state. 17.The method of claim 13, wherein the termination condition is at leastone of a predetermined length of time, an interrupted stimulationsession or a resistance exceeding a threshold.
 18. The method of claim13, further comprising signaling, by an audio component, an operationalstate of the transcranial electrical stimulation device or signaling, bya LED, an operational state of the transcranial electrical stimulationdevice.
 19. The method of claim 13, wherein securing the transcranialelectrical stimulation device to the head of the user comprisesadjusting a first position of the first electrode of the transcranialelectrical stimulation device and a second position of the secondelectrode of the transcranial electrical stimulation device.
 20. Amethod for engaging in transcranial electrical stimulation comprising:securing a transcranial electrical stimulation device to a head of auser in a first orientation such that a first electrode is electricallycoupled and positioned proximate to a first surface region of the headand a second electrode is electrically coupled and positioned proximateto a second surface region of the head; initiating, via a controlcircuit, a first stimulation session wherein the control circuit:couples a power supply to the first electrode and the second electrodeto enter a first powered state; increases a current to a first currentlevel over a first period of time, wherein the current flows from thefirst electrode through the head of the user in a first direction to thesecond electrode; maintains the current at the first current level overa second period of time; decreases, responsive to a terminationcondition, the current to a second current level over a third period oftime; and terminates the first stimulation session wherein the controlcircuit decouples the power supply to the first electrode and the secondelectrode to exit the powered state; removing the transcranialelectrical stimulation device from the head of the user; securing thetranscranial electrical stimulation device to the head of the user in asecond orientation such that the first electrode is electrically coupledand positioned proximate to the second surface region of the head andthe second electrode is electrically coupled and positioned proximate tothe first surface region of the head; initiating, via the controlcircuit, a second stimulation session wherein the control circuit:couples the power supply to the first electrode and the second electrodeto enter a second powered state; increases the current to the firstcurrent level over a fourth period of time, wherein the current flowsfrom the first electrode through the head of the user in a seconddirection to the second electrode; maintains the current at the firstcurrent level over a fifth period of time; decreases, responsive to atermination condition, the current to the second current level over asixth period of time; and terminates the second stimulation sessionwherein the control circuit decouples the power supply to the firstelectrode and the second electrode to exit the powered state; andremoving the transcranial electrical stimulation device from the head ofthe user.
 21. The method of claim 13, wherein initiating the stimulationsession comprises initiating the stimulation session responsive toreceiving a user input.
 22. The method of claim 13, wherein the firstperiod is between 10 seconds and 50 seconds.
 23. The method of claim 13,wherein the second period is between 5 minutes and 60 minutes.
 24. Themethod of claim 13, wherein the third period is between 10 seconds and50 seconds.
 25. The method of claim 13, wherein terminating thestimulation session comprises terminating the stimulation sessionresponsive to receiving a user input.
 26. The method of claim 20,wherein the transcranial electrical stimulation device comprises a lightemitting diode (“LED”) and the method further comprises: confirming, bythe LED through visual cues, that the transcranial electricalstimulation device is properly secured to the head of the user; andwherein initiating the stimulation session occurs responsive to aconfirmation that the transcranial electrical stimulation device isproperly secured.
 27. The method of claim 20, wherein the transcranialelectrical stimulation device comprises a power button and the methodcomprises: initiating the first stimulation session responsive toactivation of the power button; and terminating the first stimulationsession responsive to activation of the power button subsequent to theinitiation of the first stimulation session.
 28. The method of claim 20,further comprising signaling, by an audio component, an operationalstate of the transcranial electrical stimulation device.
 29. The methodof claim 20, wherein the first period is between 10 seconds and 50seconds.
 30. The method of claim 20, wherein the second period isbetween 5 minutes and 60 minutes.
 31. The method of claim 20, whereinthe third period is between 10 seconds and 50 seconds.
 32. The method ofclaim 20, wherein the second period is different than the fifth period.